VOCABS : PART OF BODY AND SHAPES

ANNOUNCEMENT

Standard Competency :

¨  To comprehend and express the meanings of spoken and written short functional text about announcement in the context of daily life to access knowledge.

Basic Competency :

¨  To respond and express the meanings within the formal / informal spoken and written short functional text in the form of  announcement, advertisement, invitation  accurately and fluently in the daily life context to access knowledge.

Indicators :

¨  After finishing  the lesson, the students are expected to be able to:

¨  identify the topic or the purpose of a spoken announcement

¨  give spoken announcement

¨  read aloud the written passage of an announcement in the meaningful way and with good pronunciation and intonation

¨  identify the topic of a written announcement

¨  use the appropriate grammar, vocabulary, punctuation, spelling and other writing rules accurately

The definition of announcement

¨  Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

 

In writing an announcement, keep the following points

¨  the title/type of event,

¨  Date/time, place and

¨  contact person

example:

attention, please.

                Our class is going to have a picnic to Bali. It will be held at the end of this semester. Students who are interested in joining it can enroll themselves to the class teacher. Thank you.

So, the text is a school announcement in spoken form.

PAST TENSE

Definition of Past Tense :

Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.

Past tense is used :

:: When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .

:: For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.

Example : f I had the money now,I’d buy a car .

=) To refer a single event on the past .

Example : I called Mary last night .

=) The past habitual action .

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces .

The Simple Past Tense :

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

=) Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word .

Example : Ryeowook sleep at the beach yesterday .

=) A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form .

Example : Ryeowook did not sleep at the beach yesterday .

Question sentence are started with did as in Did  Ryeowook sleep at the beach yesterday ?

Verbal

There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

( + ) Subject + verb II + complement

( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement

( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object

( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object

( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.

As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement

(  - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement

( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement

( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?

PRESENT TENSE

The present tense (abbreviated pres or prs) is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb. However, in discussions of specific languages, the term "present tense" is often used to refer to a particular grammatical form that, depending on the language, may frequently be used to express the present nature of an action or, in some cases, may be used to express non-present action. The discussion in this article focuses on the forms used in various languages.

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		do		base

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I, you, we, they			like	coffee.
	He, she, it			likes	coffee.
-	I, you, we, they	do	not	like	coffee.
	He, she, it	does	not	like	coffee.
?	Do	I, you, we, they		like	coffee?
	Does	he, she, it		like	coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

	subject	main verb
+	I	am		French.
	You, we, they	are		French.
	He, she, it	is		French.
-	I	am	not	old.
	You, we, they	are	not	old.
	He, she, it	is	not	old.
?	Am	I		late?
	Are	you, we, they		late?
	Is	he, she, it		late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:

• the action is general
• the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• the action is not only happening now
• the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.
past	present	future
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

• I live in New York.
• The Moon goes round the Earth.
• John drives a taxi.
• He does not drive a bus.
• We meet every Thursday.
• We do not work at night.
• Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:

Am I right? Tara is not at home. You are happy.
past	present	future
The situation is now.

 

I am not fat. Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall.
past	present	future
The situation is general. Past, present and future.

 

This page shows the use of the simple present tense to talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple present tense, for example in conditional or if sentences, or to talk about the future. You will learn about those later.

Perfect Tense

Perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finish till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The patterns :
+) S + had + V3 + Comp.
Ex : Doni had eaten the pizza.
-) S + had not + V3 + Comp.
Ex : Indra had not eaten the pizza.
?) Had + S + V3 + Comp. + ?
Ex : Had Caesar eaten the pizza?

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

DEFINITION:
A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IS A PREPOSITION AND THE NOUN FOLLOWING IT. THE PREPOSITION IS IN THE HEAD POSITION AND THE NOUN IS IN THE COMPLEMENT POSITION.

PLEASE NOTE THAT PREPOSITIONS ARE WORDS SUCH AS IN, FROM, TO, etc. USED BEFORE A NOUN OR A PRONOUN TO SHOW A PLACE, A POSITION, TIME OR A METHOD.

AT THE MINIMUM, A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WILL BEGIN WITH A PREPOSITION AND END WITH A NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND, OR CLAUSE, THE "OBJECT" OF THE PREPOSITION.
THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION WILL OFTEN HAVE ONE OR MORE MODIFIERS TO DESCRIBE IT. THESE ARE THE PATTERN FOR A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:

PREPOSITION + NOUN/PRONOUN/GERUND/CLAUSE

PREPOSITION + MODIFIER(S) + NOUN/PRONOUN/GERUND/CLAUSE

Here are some example of the most basic prepositional Phrase :

AT HOME

AT= PREPOSITION; HOME = NOUN

IN TIME

IN= PREPOSITION; TIME = NOUN

FROM RICHI

FROM= PREPOSITION; RICHI = NOUN

WITH ME

WITH= PREPOSITION; ME = PRONOUN

BY SINGING

BY= PREPOSITION; SINGING = GERUND

ABOUT WHAT WE NEED

ABOUT= PREPOSITION; WHAT WE NEED = NOUN CLAUSE

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

FROM MY GRANDMOTHER

FROM= PREPOSITION; MY = MODIFIER; GRANDMOTHER = NOUN

UNDER THE WARM BLANKET

UNDER= PREPOSITION; THE WARM = MODIFIER; BLANKET = NOUN

IN THE WEEDY, OVERGROWN GARDEN

IN= PREPOSITION; THE WEEDY OVERGROWN = MODIFIER; GARDEN = NOUN

ALONG THE BUSY, SIX-LANE HIGHWAY

ALONG= PREPOSITION; THE BUSY, SIX-LANE = MODIFIER; HIGHWAY = NOUN

BY WRITING FURIOUSLY

BY= PREPOSITION; WRITING = GERUND; FURIOUSLY = MODIFIER.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:

          The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
          Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

         The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
         Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!

          The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.
         Which note? The one from Beverly!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?

          Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
          How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!

           Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
           When did Josh do his begging? Before class!

           Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace.          Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!




The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:

about
above 

across 

after

against 

along

among 

around

at

because of

before

behind

below

beneath

beside(s)

between

beyond

but

by

concerning

despite

down

during

except

excepting

for

from

in

in front of

in spite of

inside

instead of

into

like

near

of

off

on 

onto

out

outside

over

past

regarding

since

through

throughout

to

toward

under

underneath

until

up

up to

upon

with

with regard to

with respect to

within

without

GREETING

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.

Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.

telephone greeting

Most languages have alternate greetings to be used over the telephone. In this case, the greeting is meant to confirm whether the person on the other line is present.
The term "greeting" may also refer to a pre-recorded message replayed when the call cannot be answered.

Country/Language	Owner answers phone	Caller's response
Argentina	Hola?
Belgium and The Netherlands	using first and family name, sometimes only the first or family name is used.	Hallo met "name of caller"
Brazil	Alô?	Quem está falando?
Canada - Québec	Oui, allô?	Bonjour ! C'est (appelant) puis-je parler à (appelé) s'il vous plait ?
China - Hong Kong	Wei? / 喂?
Catalonia	Digui?
Finland	Haloo?
France	Allô?
Germany	using family name, often with first name
Hungary	Halló, jónapot kívánok! /	Halló, tessék!
Iceland	Halló?
India	Hello	Hello!
Iran	Alo. / Baleh?
Israel	Shalom.
Italy	Pronto. Chi parla?	Pronto. Sono <caller>, Parlo con <called>?
Japan	Moshi moshi / もしもし
Japan	Hai / はい	Dochirasama desuka? / どちら様ですか？
Japan	Hai / はい	Dare desuka? / 誰ですか？
Korea	Yeoboseyo? / 여보세요?	Nuguseyo? / 누구세요?
Malta	Hello?	Min hemm fuq il-linja?
Mexico	Bueno.	¿Con quien hablo?
Mongolia	сайн байна уу?	sain baina uu?
Paraguay	Hola.	Hola. ¿Con quien hablo?
Poland	Słucham. / Halo?
Portugal	Está?	Quem fala?
Romania	Alo?	Cine e?
Russia	Slushayu vas. (Allyo?) / Слушаю вас.
Spain	Diga/Digame.
Spain - Catalonia	Digui?
Turkey	Alo? (Efendim?)	Kiminle görüşüyorum?
Venezuela	¿Aló?	¿Quien habla?
Vietnam	A-lo?