Rholand E-Primbon
Minggu, 05 Februari 2012
ANNOUNCEMENT
Standard Competency
:
¨ To comprehend and express the meanings of spoken
and written short functional text about announcement in the context of daily
life to access knowledge.
Basic Competency :
¨ To respond and express the meanings within the
formal / informal spoken and written short functional text in the form of
announcement, advertisement, invitation accurately and fluently in
the daily life context to access knowledge.
Indicators :
¨ After finishing the lesson, the students are
expected to be able to:
¨ identify the topic or the purpose of a spoken
announcement
¨ give spoken announcement
¨ read aloud the written passage of an announcement
in the meaningful way and with good pronunciation and intonation
¨ identify the topic of a written announcement
¨ use the appropriate grammar, vocabulary,
punctuation, spelling and other writing rules accurately
The definition of
announcement
¨ Announcement is something said, written, or printed
to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an
announcement, keep the following points
¨ the title/type of event,
¨ Date/time, place and
¨ contact person
example:
attention, please.
Our class is going to have a picnic to Bali.
It will be held at the end of this semester. Students who are interested in
joining it can enroll themselves to the class teacher. Thank you.
So, the text is a school
announcement in spoken form.
PAST TENSE
Definition of Past Tense :
Past tense
is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.
Past
tense is used :
:: When the speaker thinks of an
activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .
:: For a non-fact in the present or
future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.
Example : f I had the money now,I’d
buy a car .
=) To refer
a single event on the past .
Example : I called Mary last night .
=) The past
habitual action .
Example : We went to school together,and we
shared many experinces .
The
Simple Past Tense :
Simple Past
Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that
happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs
used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last
weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc
=) Simple past for regular verbs is
added by- ed to the root of a word .
Example :
Ryeowook sleep at the beach yesterday .
=) A negation is produced by adding did
not and the verb in its infinitive form .
Example :
Ryeowook did not sleep at the beach yesterday .
Question
sentence are started with did as in Did Ryeowook sleep at the beach
yesterday ?
Verbal
There are
two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
( + )
Subject + verb II + complement
( - )
Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ? )
Did + subject + verb I ?
Nominal
( + )
Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – )
Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be
( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?
Past
Continuonus Tense
Past
Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an
action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the
present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that
it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.
The Pattern
:
( + )
Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( - )
Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ? )
Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?
Past
Perfect Tense
Past Perfect
Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that
started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or
an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The Pattern
:
( + )
Subject + had + verb III + complement
( – )
Subject + had not + verb III + complement
( ? ) Had +
subject + verb III + complement ?
PRESENT TENSE
The
present tense (abbreviated pres or prs) is
a grammatical tense that locates a situation or
event in present time. This linguistic
definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning
of a verb. However,
in discussions of specific languages, the term "present tense" is
often used to refer to a particular grammatical form that, depending on
the language, may frequently be used to express the present nature of an action
or, in some cases, may be used to express non-present action. The discussion in
this article focuses on the forms used in various languages.
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
|
do
|
|
base
|
There are three important exceptions:
- For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
- For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
- For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
|
main verb
|
|
+
|
I, you, we, they
|
|
|
like
|
coffee.
|
He, she, it
|
|
|
likes
|
coffee.
|
|
-
|
I, you, we, they
|
do
|
not
|
like
|
coffee.
|
He, she, it
|
does
|
not
|
like
|
coffee.
|
|
?
|
Do
|
I, you, we, they
|
|
like
|
coffee?
|
Does
|
he, she, it
|
|
like
|
coffee?
|
Look at these examples with the main verb be.
Notice that there is no auxiliary:
|
subject
|
main verb
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
am
|
|
French.
|
You, we, they
|
are
|
|
French.
|
|
He, she, it
|
is
|
|
French.
|
|
-
|
I
|
am
|
not
|
old.
|
You, we, they
|
are
|
not
|
old.
|
|
He, she, it
|
is
|
not
|
old.
|
|
?
|
Am
|
I
|
|
late?
|
Are
|
you, we, they
|
|
late?
|
|
Is
|
he, she, it
|
|
late?
|
How do we use the Simple Present Tense?
We use the simple present tense when:
- the action is general
- the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
- the action is not only happening now
- the statement is always true
John drives a
taxi.
|
||
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
||
It is John's job
to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
|
Look at these examples:
- I live in New York.
- The Moon goes round the Earth.
- John drives a taxi.
- He does not drive a bus.
- We meet every Thursday.
- We do not work at night.
- Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple
present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present
tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be"
in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home. You are happy. |
||
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
||
The situation is
now.
|
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall. |
||
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
||
The situation is
general. Past, present and future.
|
This page shows the use of the simple present tense to
talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the
simple present tense, for example in conditional or if sentences, or to talk
about the future. You will learn about those later.
Perfect Tense
Perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finish till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
The patterns :+) S + had + V3 + Comp.
Ex : Doni had eaten the pizza.
-) S + had not + V3 + Comp.
Ex : Indra had not eaten the pizza.
?) Had + S + V3 + Comp. + ?
Ex : Had Caesar eaten the pizza?
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
DEFINITION:
A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IS A PREPOSITION AND THE NOUN FOLLOWING IT. THE PREPOSITION IS IN THE HEAD POSITION AND THE NOUN IS IN THE COMPLEMENT POSITION.
PLEASE NOTE THAT PREPOSITIONS ARE WORDS SUCH AS IN, FROM, TO, etc. USED BEFORE A NOUN OR A PRONOUN TO SHOW A PLACE, A POSITION, TIME OR A METHOD.
AT THE MINIMUM, A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WILL BEGIN WITH A PREPOSITION AND END WITH A NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND, OR CLAUSE, THE "OBJECT" OF THE PREPOSITION.
THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION WILL OFTEN HAVE ONE OR MORE MODIFIERS TO DESCRIBE IT. THESE ARE THE PATTERN FOR A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:
A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IS A PREPOSITION AND THE NOUN FOLLOWING IT. THE PREPOSITION IS IN THE HEAD POSITION AND THE NOUN IS IN THE COMPLEMENT POSITION.
PLEASE NOTE THAT PREPOSITIONS ARE WORDS SUCH AS IN, FROM, TO, etc. USED BEFORE A NOUN OR A PRONOUN TO SHOW A PLACE, A POSITION, TIME OR A METHOD.
AT THE MINIMUM, A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WILL BEGIN WITH A PREPOSITION AND END WITH A NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND, OR CLAUSE, THE "OBJECT" OF THE PREPOSITION.
THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION WILL OFTEN HAVE ONE OR MORE MODIFIERS TO DESCRIBE IT. THESE ARE THE PATTERN FOR A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:
PREPOSITION + NOUN/PRONOUN/GERUND/CLAUSE
PREPOSITION + MODIFIER(S)
+ NOUN/PRONOUN/GERUND/CLAUSE
Here are some example
of the most basic prepositional Phrase :
AT HOME
AT= PREPOSITION; HOME = NOUN
IN TIME
IN= PREPOSITION; TIME
= NOUN
FROM RICHI
FROM= PREPOSITION; RICHI
= NOUN
WITH ME
WITH= PREPOSITION; ME = PRONOUN
BY SINGING
BY= PREPOSITION; SINGING
= GERUND
ABOUT WHAT WE NEED
ABOUT= PREPOSITION; WHAT
WE NEED = NOUN CLAUSE
Most prepositional
phrases are longer, like these:
FROM MY GRANDMOTHER
FROM= PREPOSITION; MY
= MODIFIER; GRANDMOTHER = NOUN
UNDER THE WARM BLANKET
UNDER= PREPOSITION; THE
WARM = MODIFIER; BLANKET = NOUN
IN THE WEEDY, OVERGROWN
GARDEN
IN= PREPOSITION; THE
WEEDY OVERGROWN = MODIFIER; GARDEN = NOUN
ALONG THE BUSY, SIX-LANE HIGHWAY
ALONG= PREPOSITION; THE
BUSY, SIX-LANE = MODIFIER; HIGHWAY = NOUN
BY WRITING FURIOUSLY
BY= PREPOSITION; WRITING
= GERUND; FURIOUSLY = MODIFIER.
A prepositional phrase
will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the
prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Read these examples:
Read these examples:
The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!
The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!
The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.
Which note? The one from Beverly!
As an adverb, a
prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace. Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace. Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:
about
above
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
because of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside(s)
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
despite
down
during
except
excepting
for
from
in
in front of
in spite of
inside
instead of
into
like
near
of
off
on
onto
out
outside
over
past
regarding
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
up to
upon
with
with regard to
with respect to
within
without
GREETING
Greeting is an act of communication
in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally
make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a
type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people
coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are
highly culture-
and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social
status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can
be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of
the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but
includes rituals other than gestures.
Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
telephone greeting
Most languages have alternate greetings to be used over the telephone. In this case, the greeting is meant to confirm whether the person on the other line is present.
The term "greeting" may also refer to a pre-recorded message replayed when the call cannot be answered.
Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
telephone greeting
Most languages have alternate greetings to be used over the telephone. In this case, the greeting is meant to confirm whether the person on the other line is present.
The term "greeting" may also refer to a pre-recorded message replayed when the call cannot be answered.
Country/Language
|
Owner answers
phone
|
Caller's
response
|
Argentina
|
Hola?
|
|
Belgium
and The Netherlands
|
using first and family name, sometimes only the first or
family name is used.
|
Hallo met "name of caller"
|
Brazil
|
Alô?
|
Quem está falando?
|
Canada
- Québec
|
Oui, allô?
|
Bonjour ! C'est (appelant) puis-je parler à (appelé)
s'il vous plait ?
|
China
- Hong Kong
|
Wei? / 喂?
|
|
Catalonia
|
Digui?
|
|
Finland
|
Haloo?
|
|
France
|
Allô?
|
|
Germany
|
using family name, often with first name
|
|
Hungary
|
Halló, jónapot kívánok! /
|
Halló, tessék!
|
Iceland
|
Halló?
|
|
India
|
Hello
|
Hello!
|
Iran
|
Alo. / Baleh?
|
|
Israel
|
Shalom.
|
|
Italy
|
Pronto. Chi parla?
|
Pronto. Sono <caller>, Parlo con <called>?
|
Japan
|
Moshi moshi / もしもし
|
|
Japan
|
Hai / はい
|
Dochirasama desuka? / どちら様ですか?
|
Japan
|
Hai / はい
|
Dare desuka? / 誰ですか?
|
Korea
|
Yeoboseyo? / 여보세요?
|
Nuguseyo? / 누구세요?
|
Malta
|
Hello?
|
Min hemm fuq il-linja?
|
Mexico
|
Bueno.
|
¿Con quien hablo?
|
Mongolia
|
сайн байна уу?
|
sain baina uu?
|
Paraguay
|
Hola.
|
Hola. ¿Con quien hablo?
|
Poland
|
Słucham. / Halo?
|
|
Portugal
|
Está?
|
Quem fala?
|
Romania
|
Alo?
|
Cine e?
|
Russia
|
Slushayu vas. (Allyo?) / Слушаю вас.
|
|
Spain
|
Diga/Digame.
|
|
Spain -
Catalonia
|
Digui?
|
|
Turkey
|
Alo? (Efendim?)
|
Kiminle görüşüyorum?
|
Venezuela
|
¿Aló?
|
¿Quien habla?
|
Vietnam
|
A-lo?
|
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